新型囊泡状二氧化硅中孔分子筛的合成与表征

中孔分子筛能适应人们有效利用重组分油的需要，因此自从1992年美国Mobil公司的研究者们。用烷基季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂做模板剂，合成出M41S系列中孔分子筛之后，中孔分子筛的合成与应用已成为人们研究的热点之一。近几年来。人们根据不同的组装路线，利用不同的表面活性剂做模板剂已合成出多种新型中孔分子筛，如以静电组装路线合成的FSM-16、M41S、SBA-n系列、KIT-1等，以氢键组装路线合成的HMS，MSU-X，MSU-V，MSU-G等。     

囊泡形成和破坏的动力学

利用停流装置研究了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)复配形成囊泡的过程和囊泡破坏过程的动力学性质, 并结合动态光散射技术和电子透射显微镜探索囊泡形成和囊泡破坏过程的机理. 动态光散射和电子透射显微镜的研究结果表明囊泡的形成过程主要包括四个阶段: 混合胶团→柔性的长棒状聚集体→“非平衡囊泡”→平衡囊泡, 而与其对应的粒度分散度则呈现“单分散性→多分散性”的周期性变化规律. 此外, 动力学结果表明囊泡形成过程很长, 但其活化能不大, 这意味着囊泡形成过程的控制步骤可能不是活化能控制. 而相对于囊泡的形成, 囊泡的破坏过程是十分迅速的.     

Effect of cholesterol or phospholipids incorporation on vesicle formation of muramyldipeptide derivative B30-MDP

Summary The muramyldipeptide derivative B30-MDP has immunoadjuvant activity and vesicleforming ability in aqueous solutions. To assist in the clinical application of B30-MDP to liposomal vaccine, we investigated the physicochemical properties including membrane fluidity, surface charge and particle size of B30-MDP vesicles containing cholesterol, dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-choline (DPPC) or dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG).The membrane fluidity of B30-MDP/cholesterol vesicles was slightly influenced by cholesterol concentration and temperature. The membrane fluidity of B30-MDP/phospholipid vesicle was dependent on temperature. ESR spectra clearly showed the good miscibility of cholesterol with B30-MDP and the occurrence of phase separation between B30-MDP and phospholipid.The surface charge and particle size of B30-MDP/cholesterol vesicles were hardly influenced by cholesterol concentration in the membrane because the membrane surface was covered with the hydrophilic region of B30-MDP. The effect of this hydrophilic region of B30-MDP on the surface charge and particle size of B30-MDP/phospholipid vesicle was greater than that of phospholipid.This study showed that the membrane structure of B30-MDP/cholesterol vesicle differed from that of B30-MDP/phospholipid vesicle. Further, the hydrophilic region of B30-MDP is considered to play an important role in the physicochemical properties and formation of the vesicle.     

Reversible transitions between peptide nanotubes and vesicle-like structures including theoretical modeling studies

Peptide-based self-assembling systems are increasingly attractive because of their wide range of applications in different fields. Peptide nanostructures are flexible with changes in the ambient conditions. Herein, a reversible shape transition between self-assembled dipeptide nanotubes (DPNTs) and vesicle-like structures is observed upon a change in the peptide concentration. SEM, TEM, AFM, and CD spectroscopy were used to follow this transition process. We show that dilution of a peptide-nanotube dispersion solution results in the formation of vesicle-like structures, which can then be reassembled into the nanotubes by concentrating the solution. A theoretical model describing this shape-transition phenomenon is presented to propose ways to engineer assembling molecules in order to devise other systems in which the morphology can be tuned on demand.     

pH responsive adhesion of phospholipid vesicle on poly(acrylic acid) cushion grafted to poly(ethylene terephthalate) surface

Polymer-supported lipid bilayer is a key enabling technology for the design and fabrication of novel biomimetic devices. To date, the physical driving force underlying the formation of polymer-supported lipid bilayer remains to be determined. In this study, the interaction between dipalmitoylphosphocholine (DPPC) vesicle and poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] surface with or without grafted poly(acrylic acid) [PAA] layer is examined with several biophysical techniques. First, vesicle deformation analysis shows that the geometry of adherent vesicle on either plain PET or PAA-grafted PET surface is best described by a truncated sphere model. At neutral pH, the degree of deformation and adhesion energy are unaltered by the grafted polymerization of acrylic acid on PET surface. Interestingly, the average magnitude of adhesion energy is increased by 185% and −43% on PAA-grated PET and plain PET surface, respectively, towards an increase of pH at room temperature. Our results demonstrate the possibility of tuning the adhesive interaction between vesicle and polymer cushion through the control of polyelectrolyte ionization on the solid support.     

Self-assembly formation of amphiphilic molecules mixed with photoreactive,aromatic unsaturated-acids: examination by light scattering

Light scattering measurement was carried out for aqueous solutions of amphiphilic molecules mixed with aromatic unsaturated carboxylic acids. Their structures are discussed according to sizes of molecular assemblies evaluated. In aqueous solutions of hexadecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide with 2-indenecarboxylic acid, short rodlike micelles were formed on mixing at a ratio of 11. Particles in aqueous solutions of dodecyldimethylamine oxide and cinnamic acid varied from micelles to vesicles with increasing cinnamic acid concentration. The structures were related to the effective photocyclodimerization of olefins and the stereochemical selectivity of cyclodimers.     

Stability of phospholipid vesicles studied by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation and capillary electrophoresis

The stability of zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine vesicles in the presence of 20 mol% phosphatidyl serine (PS), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), and diacylphosphatidyl glycerol (PG) phospholipid vesicles, and cholesterol or calcium chloride was investigated by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF). Large unilamellar vesicles (LUV, diameter 100 nm) prepared by extrusion at 25 °C were used. Phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) were stored at +4 and −18 °C over an extended period of time. Extruded egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EPC) particle diameters at peak maximum and mean measured by AsFlFFF were 101 ± 3 nm and 122 ± 5 nm, respectively. No significant change in diameter was observed after storage at +4 °C for about 5 months. When the storage period was extended to about 8 months (250 days) larger destabilized aggregates were formed (172 and 215 nm at peak maximum and mean diameters, respectively). When EPC was stored at −18 °C, large particles with diameters of 700–800 nm were formed as a result of dehydration, aggregation, and fusion processes. In the presence of calcium chloride, EPC alone did not form large aggregates. Addition of 20 mol% of negatively charged phospholipids (PS, PA, PI, or PG) to 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) vesicles increased the electrostatic interactions between calcium ion and the vesicles and large aggregates were formed. In the presence of cholesterol, large aggregates of about 250–350 nm appeared during storage at +4 and −18 °C for more than 1 day.

The effect of liposome storage temperature on phospholipid coatings applied in capillary electrophoresis (CE) was studied by measuring the electroosmotic flow (EOF). EPC coatings with and without cholesterol, PS, or calcium chloride, prepared from liposomes stored at +25, +4, and −18 °C, were studied at 25 °C. The performances of the coatings were further evaluated with three uncharged compounds. Only minor differences were observed between the same phospholipid coatings, showing that phospholipid coatings in CE are relatively insensitive to storage at +25, +4 °C or −18 °C.     

仿生信号转导体系的构建:囊泡表面磷脂信号分子诱发的乳酸脱氢酶的激活

以细胞肌醇磷脂信号转导途径为原型，在合成肽脂囊泡(人工细胞膜模型)上，利用天然磷脂为信号分子，成功地激活了处于囊泡表面的乳酸脱氢酶．为此，将1，2-二-十四烷基磷脂酰乙醇胺等天然磷脂嵌入合成肽脂N，N-二-十六烷基-N^a-6-三甲胺基己酰基-L-甘氨酰胺囊泡中，制备了稳定的混合双层膜囊泡，用透射电子显微照相、动态光散射及差示扫描量热等手段确认了混合囊泡的形态及粒径分布．以磷酸吡哆醛等维生素B6类化合物为信号分子激活剂，利用它们与天然磷脂形成复合体，进而与Cu^2 形成强的金属配合物的性质，实现了对处于囊泡表面、被Cu^2 抑制的乳酸脱氢酶的激活，构建了一个新的仿生信号转导体系．紫外一可见光谱实验证实了以上结果．此外，结果还表明囊泡表面的疏水作用和静电引力是促进天然磷脂一磷酸吡哆醛复合体形成的主要因素．囊泡表面的疏水微环境作为反应场是构建此仿生信号转导体系不可缺少的要素．     

Self‐Assembly Made Durable: Water‐Repellent Materials Formed by Cross‐Linking Fullerene Derivatives

Fullerene flakes : A diacetylene‐functionalized fullerene derivative self‐organizes into flakelike microparticles (see picture). Both the diacetylene and C₆₀ moieties can be effectively cross‐linked, which leads to supramolecular materials with remarkable resistivity to solvent, heat, and mechanical stress. Moreover, the surface of the cross‐linked flakelike objects is highly durable and water‐repellent.